Post by Admin on Mar 11, 2015 18:56:50 GMT
Two major types of memory
1) Declarative memory (What was his name? What is the capital of France? Paris
2) Non-declarative memory
Procedural memory is a subset of implicit memory, sometimes referred to as unconscious memory or automatic memory. Implicit memory uses past experiences to remember things without thinking about them.
Procedural memory is a part of the long-term memory that is responsible for knowing how to do things, also known as motor skills. As the name implies, procedural memory stores information on how to perform certain procedures, such as walking, talking and riding a bike. Delving into something in your procedural memory does not involve conscious thought
Examples of procedural memory
.
One example of the differences between procedural and declarative memory is that procedural memory allows you to remember how to ride a bike even if you haven’t done so in years, while you need to rely on declarative memory to recall the route to a nearby park and back home.
The cerebellum is especially important, as it is needed to coordinate the flow of movements required for skilled motion and timing of movements.
A 2014 paper actually is checking on "procedural memory" cerebellum and basal ganglia!
fMRI study (measure of use of glucose-glucose utilization of the brain structure during a given task in the fMRI)
Memory consolidation means keeping the thing in your brain /memory
From the paper
"Motor memories are acquired during practice of a particular task, and are then consolidated into long-term memories over a period of hours; they can be later recalled and potentially modified when the task is next performed."
"Memory consolidation is thus a complex phenomenon, with parallel processes that appear to depend on separate neural pathways."
" different motor learning tasks should engage different networks during acquisition, whether the subsequent consolidation processes are common or distinct has not yet been resolved."
"They showed that both implicit and explicit SRTT acquisition engaged a common network of brain areas that include right putamen, left inferior parietal and inferior/medial frontal gyrii. However, explicit sequence knowledge then recruited an additional broad network; this included bilateral posterior parietal areas, cingulate, precuneus, midfrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, and cerebellum. "
"Cerebellar-thalamic-basal ganglia RSN loop
Hoshi et al. (2005) have shown disynaptic connections from cerebellar output nuclei via the thalamus to the striatum, while Bostan and Strick (2010) show a reciprocal projection from the subthalamic nucleus to the cerebellar cortex, Crus II, and HVIIb. We show significant engagement of this network during REST3 for both the explicit and implicit task (Fig. 5a,b). Several imaging studies have shown striatal activation during implicit sequence learning (Doyon et al., 2002; Schendan et al., 2003; Albouy et al., 2008). Moreover, Karabanov et al. (2010) showed that both implicit and explicit learning correlated negatively with dopamine in the associative and sensorimotor striatum, suggesting both subregions are involved in implicit as well as explicit learning. Doyon et al. (2002) have demonstrated a shift of motor representations from the associative to the sensorimotor territories of the striatum during the explicit learning of motor sequences, and from the cerebellar cortex to the dentate nucleus as subjects acquire implicit knowledge of a declaratively known sequence. In addition, an early frontocerebellar component seen after explicit learning (Fig. 3a) involved lateral cerebellum and prefrontal areas, which were correlated with the posterior parietal cortex and extended into medial temporal lobe and posterior cerebellum. This network is known for its contributions to higher cognitive function (Balsters and Ramnani, 2011). Shadmehr and Holcomb (1997) also reported a shift in motor representation from the cerebellar cortex to the deep cerebellar nuclei. Finally, our dual regression analysis of this cerebello-thalamo-basal ganglionic network identified increased connections with the sensory motor cortices, SMA, and angular gyrus.
Our interpretation of these results is that learning takes place initially in the cerebellar motor networks and that during a consolidation process that includes the cerebellar-thalamic-basal-ganglionic network, motor memories are converted to a more distributed representation."
**** Explicit memory is the conscious, intentional recollection of previous experiences and information. People use explicit memory throughout the day, such as remembering the time of an appointment or recollecting an event from years ago.
Implicit memory: Procedural memory & Conditioning (Pavlov's dog)
1) Declarative memory (What was his name? What is the capital of France? Paris
2) Non-declarative memory
Procedural memory is a subset of implicit memory, sometimes referred to as unconscious memory or automatic memory. Implicit memory uses past experiences to remember things without thinking about them.
Procedural memory is a part of the long-term memory that is responsible for knowing how to do things, also known as motor skills. As the name implies, procedural memory stores information on how to perform certain procedures, such as walking, talking and riding a bike. Delving into something in your procedural memory does not involve conscious thought
Examples of procedural memory
.
One example of the differences between procedural and declarative memory is that procedural memory allows you to remember how to ride a bike even if you haven’t done so in years, while you need to rely on declarative memory to recall the route to a nearby park and back home.
The cerebellum is especially important, as it is needed to coordinate the flow of movements required for skilled motion and timing of movements.
A 2014 paper actually is checking on "procedural memory" cerebellum and basal ganglia!
fMRI study (measure of use of glucose-glucose utilization of the brain structure during a given task in the fMRI)
Memory consolidation means keeping the thing in your brain /memory
From the paper
"Motor memories are acquired during practice of a particular task, and are then consolidated into long-term memories over a period of hours; they can be later recalled and potentially modified when the task is next performed."
"Memory consolidation is thus a complex phenomenon, with parallel processes that appear to depend on separate neural pathways."
" different motor learning tasks should engage different networks during acquisition, whether the subsequent consolidation processes are common or distinct has not yet been resolved."
"They showed that both implicit and explicit SRTT acquisition engaged a common network of brain areas that include right putamen, left inferior parietal and inferior/medial frontal gyrii. However, explicit sequence knowledge then recruited an additional broad network; this included bilateral posterior parietal areas, cingulate, precuneus, midfrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, and cerebellum. "
"Cerebellar-thalamic-basal ganglia RSN loop
Hoshi et al. (2005) have shown disynaptic connections from cerebellar output nuclei via the thalamus to the striatum, while Bostan and Strick (2010) show a reciprocal projection from the subthalamic nucleus to the cerebellar cortex, Crus II, and HVIIb. We show significant engagement of this network during REST3 for both the explicit and implicit task (Fig. 5a,b). Several imaging studies have shown striatal activation during implicit sequence learning (Doyon et al., 2002; Schendan et al., 2003; Albouy et al., 2008). Moreover, Karabanov et al. (2010) showed that both implicit and explicit learning correlated negatively with dopamine in the associative and sensorimotor striatum, suggesting both subregions are involved in implicit as well as explicit learning. Doyon et al. (2002) have demonstrated a shift of motor representations from the associative to the sensorimotor territories of the striatum during the explicit learning of motor sequences, and from the cerebellar cortex to the dentate nucleus as subjects acquire implicit knowledge of a declaratively known sequence. In addition, an early frontocerebellar component seen after explicit learning (Fig. 3a) involved lateral cerebellum and prefrontal areas, which were correlated with the posterior parietal cortex and extended into medial temporal lobe and posterior cerebellum. This network is known for its contributions to higher cognitive function (Balsters and Ramnani, 2011). Shadmehr and Holcomb (1997) also reported a shift in motor representation from the cerebellar cortex to the deep cerebellar nuclei. Finally, our dual regression analysis of this cerebello-thalamo-basal ganglionic network identified increased connections with the sensory motor cortices, SMA, and angular gyrus.
Our interpretation of these results is that learning takes place initially in the cerebellar motor networks and that during a consolidation process that includes the cerebellar-thalamic-basal-ganglionic network, motor memories are converted to a more distributed representation."
**** Explicit memory is the conscious, intentional recollection of previous experiences and information. People use explicit memory throughout the day, such as remembering the time of an appointment or recollecting an event from years ago.
Implicit memory: Procedural memory & Conditioning (Pavlov's dog)